diff --git a/test/fake_encoder.cc b/test/fake_encoder.cc
index 10b25a4598..4ff092691e 100644
--- a/test/fake_encoder.cc
+++ b/test/fake_encoder.cc
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ int32_t FakeEncoder::Encode(const VideoFrame& input_image,
     if (qp)
       encoded.qp_ = *qp;
     encoded.SetSimulcastIndex(i);
+    encoded.SetTemporalIndex(frame_info.layers[i].temporal_id);
     CodecSpecificInfo codec_specific = EncodeHook(encoded, buffer);
 
     if (callback->OnEncodedImage(encoded, &codec_specific).error !=
diff --git a/video/video_stream_encoder.cc b/video/video_stream_encoder.cc
index 250edc16b3..3f958de241 100644
--- a/video/video_stream_encoder.cc
+++ b/video/video_stream_encoder.cc
@@ -2168,7 +2168,10 @@ EncodedImageCallback::Result VideoStreamEncoder::OnEncodedImage(
   image_copy.ClearEncodedData();
 
   int temporal_index = 0;
-  if (codec_specific_info) {
+  if (encoded_image.TemporalIndex()) {
+    // Give precedence to the metadata on EncodedImage, if available.
+    temporal_index = *encoded_image.TemporalIndex();
+  } else if (codec_specific_info) {
     if (codec_specific_info->codecType == kVideoCodecVP9) {
       temporal_index = codec_specific_info->codecSpecific.VP9.temporal_idx;
     } else if (codec_specific_info->codecType == kVideoCodecVP8) {
@@ -2412,8 +2415,8 @@ void VideoStreamEncoder::RunPostEncode(const EncodedImage& encoded_image,
     // TODO(https://crbug.com/webrtc/14891): If we want to support a mix of
     // simulcast and SVC we'll also need to consider the case where we have both
     // simulcast and spatial indices.
-    int stream_index = encoded_image.SpatialIndex().value_or(
-        encoded_image.SimulcastIndex().value_or(0));
+    int stream_index = std::max(encoded_image.SimulcastIndex().value_or(0),
+                                encoded_image.SpatialIndex().value_or(0));
     bitrate_adjuster_->OnEncodedFrame(frame_size, stream_index, temporal_index);
   }
 }
diff --git a/video/video_stream_encoder_unittest.cc b/video/video_stream_encoder_unittest.cc
index df620cf5c0..f41a51e0d0 100644
--- a/video/video_stream_encoder_unittest.cc
+++ b/video/video_stream_encoder_unittest.cc
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
 #include "test/video_encoder_proxy_factory.h"
 #include "video/config/encoder_stream_factory.h"
 #include "video/config/video_encoder_config.h"
+#include "video/encoder_bitrate_adjuster.h"
 #include "video/frame_cadence_adapter.h"
 #include "video/send_statistics_proxy.h"
 
@@ -2583,6 +2584,58 @@ TEST_F(VideoStreamEncoderTest,
   video_stream_encoder_->Stop();
 }
 
+TEST_F(VideoStreamEncoderTest, CorrectlyAdjustsAv1Bitrate) {
+  ResetEncoder("AV1", /*num_streams*/ 2, /*num_temporal_layers=*/2,
+               /*num_spatial_layers=*/1, /*screenshare*/ false,
+               kDefaultFramerate,
+               VideoStreamEncoder::BitrateAllocationCallbackType::
+                   kVideoLayersAllocation);
+
+  // Let link allocation and stable bitrate be 2x the target bitrate.
+  video_stream_encoder_->OnBitrateUpdatedAndWaitForManagedResources(
+      kTargetBitrate, 2 * kTargetBitrate, 2 * kTargetBitrate, 0, 0, 0);
+
+  video_source_.IncomingCapturedFrame(
+      CreateFrame(CurrentTimeMs(), codec_width_, codec_height_));
+  WaitForEncodedFrame(CurrentTimeMs());
+
+  // Before enough data has been gathered, some default pushback is applied.
+  VideoEncoder::RateControlParameters rate_settings =
+      *fake_encoder_.GetAndResetLastRateControlSettings();
+  // Allow 5% diff from target bitrate.
+  const double allowed_error_bps =
+      rate_settings.target_bitrate.get_sum_bps() * 0.05;
+  EXPECT_NEAR(rate_settings.bitrate.get_sum_bps(),
+              rate_settings.target_bitrate.get_sum_bps() /
+                  EncoderBitrateAdjuster::kDefaultUtilizationFactor,
+              allowed_error_bps);
+
+  // Insert frames until bitrate adjuster is saturated.
+  const TimeDelta runtime =
+      TimeDelta::Millis(EncoderBitrateAdjuster::kWindowSizeMs);
+  const Timestamp start_time = clock()->CurrentTime();
+  while (clock()->CurrentTime() - start_time < runtime) {
+    video_source_.IncomingCapturedFrame(
+        CreateFrame(CurrentTimeMs(), codec_width_, codec_height_));
+    WaitForEncodedFrame(CurrentTimeMs());
+  }
+
+  // Make sure rate has been reallocated.
+  video_stream_encoder_->OnBitrateUpdatedAndWaitForManagedResources(
+      kTargetBitrate - DataRate::BitsPerSec(500), 2 * kTargetBitrate,
+      2 * kTargetBitrate, 0, 0, 0);
+  video_source_.IncomingCapturedFrame(
+      CreateFrame(CurrentTimeMs(), codec_width_, codec_height_));
+  WaitForEncodedFrame(CurrentTimeMs());
+
+  // Pushback should no longer happen.
+  rate_settings = *fake_encoder_.GetAndResetLastRateControlSettings();
+  EXPECT_NEAR(rate_settings.bitrate.get_sum_bps(),
+              rate_settings.target_bitrate.get_sum_bps(), allowed_error_bps);
+
+  video_stream_encoder_->Stop();
+}
+
 class ResolutionAlignmentTest
     : public VideoStreamEncoderTest,
       public ::testing::WithParamInterface<